Flaws Of The Education System - 917 Words

Flaws in our Education Brent Staples wrote Why Colleges Shower Their Students with A’s† to show the flaws in the education system with teachers giving unfair grades to students. Similarly, William Zinsser wrote â€Å"College Pressures† to show how colleges are putting unnecessary stress on their students. While it is important to draw attention to these problems, it is also necessary to find solutions as well. Bringing the issues to the public knowledge is only the first step in correcting our flawed education system. There are certain classes that are more common than others, specifically regarding the general education classes such as English and math courses. However colleges also offer less common classes that certain students may have an interest in. The problem with these smaller classes is that with the poor attendance records, the classes could be cancelled as the college sees it as a waste of money; this is one of many reasons why professors give out unea rned A’s (Staples 329). To fix this problem, colleges should look not at the attendance sheet, but instead the overall GPA’s of the students in the class. This not only will show if the students who are going to the class are learning and comprehending the material, but also can compare to the more popular classes with higher attendance that may not have as good of grades. Another solution would be giving the class time to grow popular. If a professor is teaching a new class for theShow MoreRelatedThe Flaws in Our Education System754 Words   |  3 Pagesthat’s making our country suffer from excelling in education? Very few would argue about the importance of our education system today. Issues such as lazy teachers, lack of parent involvement, and teaching useless information in class may hinder progress in today’s education system. An education plays a crucial role and is an essential tool, unfortunately, with all the jaded judgments; our students are n ot able to value their education. A proper education can open the doors to many opportunities thatRead MoreThe Flaws Within The Education System And Ways We Can Improve The System Essay1783 Words   |  8 Pagespeople who are concerned with the public education system Purpose: To inform them of the flaws within the education system and ways we can improve the system Research Paper: Public Education Education in the United States seems to be decreasing every day. There are many aspects that contribute to this change. Today’s education has changed drastically over the years, and these changes are negatively affecting the United States and its people. The education system has been failing and will continue toRead MoreIn Case You Have Been Living Under A Rock For Your Entire1178 Words   |  5 Pagesnoticed that the education system of America is a complete disaster. To put it delicately there are many flaws with the current system we have in place. One of the major flaws of the education system is that it takes an insane amount of your time and money all for just a fancy piece of paper. The system also can implode too easily; all it can take is a student to just not care or just a bad teacher for bad things to happen. We can look at several different essays that show how the system is flawed, throughRead MoreAmerican Education Reform Paper : The Education System1232 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Education Reform Paper In the past, the learning system was non complex. Students invariably learned in classrooms. They would learn from and be educated by their teacher and grasped other facts from textbooks. The teachers would ask them questions and students would answer them to display they understood. Other information about other parts of the world, they learned from books. Throughout the years, the learning system changed. Issues or flaws in the system were addressed and improvedRead MoreLearning Systems And The Education System1228 Words   |  5 Pagespast, the learning system was non complex. Students invariably learned in classrooms. They would learn from and be educated by their teacher and grasped other facts from textbooks. The teachers would ask them questions and students would answer them to display they understood. Other information about other parts of the world, they learned from books. Throughout the years, the learning system changed. Issues or flaws in the system were addressed and improved. Different learning systems that were superiorRead MoreLearning Systems And The Education System1228 Words   |  5 Pagespast, the learning system was really simple. Students always learned in classrooms. They would learn from and be taught by their teacher and grasped other facts from textbooks. The teachers would ask them questions and students would answer them to show they understood. Other information about other parts of the world, they learned from books. Throughout the years, the learning system changed. Issues or flaws in the system were addressed and improved. Different learning systems that were better wereRead MoreWhat Does The Phrase `` Design Matters?1091 Words   |  5 Pageschange our course we must analyze the design flaws of our productive and consumptive patterns.This question advances our understanding of sustainable development by viewing it as an issue of design. We must first understand the faults in the systems designed and accepted socially, through a proper analysis in order to then manipulate system into a more sustainable one. Our readings have furthered our learning by inherently describing how world systems are designed. â€Å"Design matters† is an implicitRead MoreThe Article That I Picked Is A News And World Report1029 Words   |  5 PagesCritical to the Future of Higher Education’. Robert Mendenhall is the president of ‘Western Governors University’ and also serves as a member of its board of trustees. The article is about how the future of higher education in the U.S is uncertain and that change is critical. In his article he talks about several key factors that require major change, in order to improve higher education. He says, â€Å"I am asked all the time about what I see for the future of higher education. Unfortunately, I think it willRead MoreNo Child Left Behind1538 Words   |  7 PagesWe all have heard the key to success is education. However, in the United States, that key to success is far fetched. America as a whole needs many improvements. While America w ill never be a perfect society as I dream, America needs to take a step forward to improving the country for all. A better education system will be a step toward improving the United States. The education system in America continues to fail our children and falls behind compared to other countries. Children today are tomorrow’sRead MoreThe Education For All Handicapped Children Act (Eha) Had957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Education for all Handicapped Children Act (EHA) had an overall goal of desegregating disabled children in schools, as well as work on integrating them in classrooms with their non-disabled peers. Until the Civil Rights Movement, not much attention was brought to the fact that children with disabilities had very little rights and were kept isolated and not given a proper education, if any at all. Because of the attention brought to the poor and unjust treatment of children with disabilities and

Milgram vs. Baumrind - 920 Words

When individuals disregard their freedom for the good of the whole, they are no longer considered individuals but products of conformity. Stanley Milgram, a Yale psychologist, engineered an experiment to test the ordinary person’s level of obedience. Many of Milgram’s colleagues admired his intricate experiment, and thought that he provided valid information on the complexity of obedience. One of his colleagues, Diana Baumrind, however, strongly disagreed with Milgram and has good reasons to criticize his experiment. She thought his experiment was unethical and very harmful to the social well-being of the participants. In her article, â€Å"Review of Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience†, she castigated Milgram’s experiment and provided†¦show more content†¦Once the participant realizes that they could have really hurt someone, they become very remorseful. During the experiment, if the teacher said that they did not wish to continue, the experimenter encouraged them to go on. He said that it was vital that they proceed until the test was over. Baumrind brings up a good point by suggesting that Milgram’s comparison of SS men in Nazi Germany to the teacher is faulty. Although they both instructed their â€Å"teachers† on what to do and made it seem as though the victims deserved what they were getting, the SS men would not have perceived their authority figures as benign researchers in a lab. The SS men were led to believe that their victims were unimportant not even worthy of consideration. She alleges this by saying, â€Å"He did not need to feel guilt or conflict because within his frame of reference he was acting rightly† (Baumrind 228), which describes how the SS men felt while torturing their victims. Baumrind accuses Milgram of mistreating his subjects during the experiment. She states that, â€Å"It has become more commonplace in sociopsychological laboratory studies to manipulate, em barrass, and discomfort subjects† (Baumrind 225). She does not condone such studies that cause a person to feel that way. The teacher in the experiment is the only one feeling discomfort. In a way, Milgram is the one who is actually administering theShow MoreRelatedStanley Milgram vs. Diana Baumrind1671 Words   |  7 Pagesinflicted upon another person. The Perils of Obedience by Stanley Milgram reports on his controversial experiment that test how far individuals would go in obeying orders, even if carrying out those orders caused serious harm to others. This experiment caused a lot of controversy and one woman in particular believed that this experiment was immoral. Diana Baumrinds Review of Stanley Milgrams Experiments on Obedience says that Milgram entrapped (329) his subjects and potentionally harmed his subjectsRead MoreStanley Milgram vs. Diana Baumrind Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe Controversy of Obedience A classic experiment on the natural obedience of individuals was designed and tested by a Yale psychologist, Stanley Milgram. The test forced participants to either go against their morals or violate authority. For the experiment, two people would come into the lab after being told they were testing memory loss, though only one of them was actually being tested. The unaware individual, called the â€Å"teacher† would sit in a separate room, administering memory relatedRead MoreMilgram Experiment Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesBaumrind vs. Milgram debate Milgram’s experiment was an experiment that tested whether people would people would administer shock to another person even though the person receiving the shock would refuse to participate. During the experiment, Milgram would have the subject be the teacher and the other person people the student. While Milgram believed the experiment produced great results, a lady named Diana Baumrind believed the experiment should have not been conducted at all. Baumrind believedRead MoreBlindly Obeying Authority Essay1787 Words   |  8 PagesHolocaust. In the same way, Stanley Milgram noted in his article ‘Perils of Obedience’ of how individuals obeyed authority and neglected their conscience reflecting how this can be destructive in experiences of real life. On the contrary, Diana Baumrind pointed out in her article ‘Review of Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience’ that the experiments were not valid hence useless. Summary of the Experiment In Stanley Milgram’s ‘The Perils of Obedience’, Milgram conducted experiments with the objectiveRead MoreDiana Baumrind2963 Words   |  12 PagesDiana Blumberg Baumrind is a clinical and developmental psychologist that specializes in parenting styles. Baumrind was born on August 23, 1927 in a small Jewish community in New York City; she was the first of two daughters born to Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Baumrind earned a B.A. in philosophy at Hunter College in 1948. She later received her M.A. and Ph. D. in Psychology at the University of California, Berkley; she studied developmental, clinical, and social psychology. Her doctoral dissertation

Community and Family Studies Free Essays

CAFs Assessment 2- Leadership And Groups. Gandhi A bit of background about Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known by as Gandhi, was born on october 2nd, 1848 in Porbander, Kathawar Agency, British India. Unfortunately, Gandhi died at an evening prayer meeting, by being shot 3 times in the chest on January 30th, 1948. We will write a custom essay sample on Community and Family Studies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gandhi was married at the age of 13 to a 14 year old named Kasturba. This was done via an arranged childhood marriage since it was apart of the custom in religion. Gandhi’s mother and father was very important in his life. Even from an early age he was taught the customs and influences for his life. Some of the attitudes that were believed to help him through his adult life were vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification and mutual tolerance between individuals of different creed. He travelled to London to study law at university. He was influenced by a vow made to his mother to observe the Hindu percepts of abstinence from meat, alcohol and promiscuity. Going against his mothers will, Gandhi embraced vegetarianism and went onto him becoming part of a vegetarian society, and then on to becoming a teacher. His career of teaching was declined in India when he returned after look for part time work. This was his first taste to leadership and persuaded him to continue his leadership skills in a new way. Leadership Throughout Gandhi’s life he was thrown many obsticles, few of which some were discrimination, racism, injustice against Indian’s which started to question their status. This was some of the few things that influenced Gandhi to become the leader that he became. His first leadership role took place when he went to South Africa in 1893 to fight for his community and assist the Indians in opposing a bill to deny them the right to vote. He and his fellow Indian’s made many protests and signs but were suppressed by the South African government. Many of the Indian’s, including himself, were either jailed, flogged, or shot in the process. People may not agree whether or not he was an effective leader in this particular part of his career, but as the leader of the Indians, they hailed him for his courage and persistence with persuing his goals. The South African government finally compromised with Gandhi and ideas took shape. The concept of â€Å"satyagraha† (non- violent protest) matured. This was his first sort of achievement towards his leadership. The next thing he worked on was his role in Zulu War in 1906. He argued that Indians should support the war efforts in order to legitimise their claims to full citizenship. He kept arguing and persuing. Throughout this stage of his attempt to find better acceptance of Indian’s he has to prove himself as an effective leader, and show his skills. He had to motivate the fellow Indians and convince them to work together as a team in order to achieve their goal of being accepted instead of being seen as some of the lower level natives. Gandhi’s first major achievement as a leader came in 1918, with the Champaran agitation and Kheda Satyagraha. Supressed by the miltials of the landlords, the Indians were given, measly compensation leaving them in extreme poverty and devastating famine. Being the strong leader that Gandhi was, he couldn’t sit there and watch his country go down hill, he had to do something about it. He established an ashram, organizing scores of his veteran supporters and fresh volunteers form the region. He organized a detailed study and surveyed the villages accounting for the terrible counts of suffering, he began leading the clean-up of the villages, building brand new schools and hospitals helping those with alcoholism and poor health problems. All this was appreciated leadership towards his country, but his real main impact was when he was arrested on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the establishment. thousands of people protested outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court reluctantly granted†. It was during this time, that Gandhi was addressed by the people as Bapu (father) and Mahatma ( Great soul). After this Gandhi’s fame spread across the whole of the nation. Gandhi employed non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful resistance as his â€Å"weapons† in the struggle against the British. During this time the civilians by British Troops caused deep trauma to the nation, leading to increased public anger and acts of violence. After this Gandhi’s mind ocused upon â€Å" obtaining complete self-government and control of the Indian government institutions, maturing soon into Swaraj or complete individual, spiritual, political independence†. With Gandhi as their leader, how could India not participate and be motivated? Gandhi was such a committed and heartful leader. If his goals were knocked down or failed he would find a way to start again or keep fighting. He always found a cause to help bring it back towards non violence, poverty and getting Indian’s accepted. All these battles were the obsticles and pathways to Gandhi’s leadership. As well as the many other steps he took until his final role of the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of the Indian communities. He was also involved in the Salt march, World War II and Quit India and Freedom Of India. These last three acts were the peak of his leadership and help the recognition of the Indians to realise what a great leader he was for their country. In the results of his efforts and achievements throughout this stage of his life Gandhi was able to achieve: at the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to the Indians hands. And the Government rescinded its policy and made the payment to Pakistan, Hindu, Muslim and Sikh community leaders and assured him that they would announce no violence and call for peace. Sadly Ganhi’s life came to an end on January 30, 1948. He was walking towards his evening prayer meeting in front of a congregation of people when he was appoached by a Hindu named Nathuram Godse. Gandhi put his hands together in a traditional gesutre of greeting but this was when in violence Godse shot three bullets into Gandhi’s chest. There was a message after his death that went out to all the Indians about what a great leader he was and how inspirational he was to all them. Although our worldwide beloved Gandhi may be gone now, he will most definetly not be forgotten for what he did. He was an amazing cultural leader who believed very strongly in his country. He was recognised for his very different leadership styles and as a result he is officially honoured in India as a father of their nation. His birthday was on October 2, in commemoration there is a national holiday held and a worldwide International Day Of Non- Violence. How to cite Community and Family Studies, Essay examples

Was haig the butcher of the somme free essay sample

Field Marshall Douglas Haig was commander-in-chief in The Battle of the Somme. The bloody battle took place along a 30-kilometre front between the 1st July and the 18th November 1916 by the River Somme, in France. On the first day alone around 19,240 British and empire force soldiers were killed, with casualties reaching almost 35,493. The large mass of men that had been killed resulted in almost 20% of the entire British fighting force having been killed in one day of the battle. The loss of so many soldiers led to Haig developing the title of ‘the butcher of the Somme’. However, I disagree with the label of ‘butcher’ that Haig received. A butcher is a person who kills animals. But, in Haig’s case he was seen as a butcher of other humans, not animals. This meant he was someone who slaughtered or murdered other humans brutally. This was the general opinion on Haig when the battle was over. We will write a custom essay sample on Was haig the butcher of the somme? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The outrage was due to the many losses of lives. Another factor which enraged the people at home was that the newspapers portrayed the situation much better than it actually was throughout the battle, misleading family and friends back at home. I believe that although Haig’s poor leadership and failure of plan contributed to the deaths of many, I think that the majority of people could not have been saved as no one is safe in a battle. Additionally, some may say Haig’s intentions were simply focused on winning the war. Haig took command at a time when the British Army was locked in stalemate with the Germans along the Western Front; either way the stalemate would have had to be broken and people would have been killed to reach the ultimate goal of victory. However, I think that Haig should have allowed more control to the men in the front and had been less persistent to pursue his idea as tactics were old and technology needed to be altered to be completely efficient. Overall, the forces involved suffered over one million deaths, making it the bloodiest military operation in history. Haig led so many men to their deaths without a large result at first, but the final outcome was success. Although I agree that it was mainly Haig’s fault that so many men were killed, I think he did assist the British to ultimately win and he does not deserve the name of ‘butcher of the Somme’.

Presidential Power And Rthe Modern Presidents; A Critical Review Essay

Presidential Power And Rthe Modern Presidents; A Critical Review Presidential Leadership Many scholars and academics have claimed that Richard Neustadt's book Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents, a brilliant and insightful commentary on not only the workings of the office of the president but also the pitfalls any president can encounter as well as the way personality and leadership fit into the making of a president. In short, Neustadt almost gives us a model for what a president must be and what he must and must not do. He relives decisions and actions made by past presidents that have affected presidential leadership and power. It is easy to see why many attribute this book the status that it well deserves. It is easy to see why Kennedy reportedly kept a copy of the first edition of this book with him in the oval office. This book is a classic introspective study of the presidency that is unparalleled in quality. For the most part, Neustadt does not look at presidents individually. Rather he takes situations that relate to his arguments and discusses how different presidents or depending on the situation a certain president dealt with that situation. He begins with what he calls three cases of command that he falls back on continuously through the work. He uses Truman's tenuous relationship and eventual dismissal of MacArthur, the decision of Eisenhower to use troops to enforce integration of schools in Arkansas, and the seizure of the steel industry by Truman. He repeatedly refers to the first two of these but uses the latter very little to illustrate his points after initial discussion. The basic structure is very effective because it provides for a study of the presidency as an institution, not a study of presidents. Neustadt does not underemphasize the role that personality and style plays in term of each president. He uses it to support many of his assertions. He correctly points out that personality and style contributes to all aspects of how any man serves as president but it is not everything. Personality and style do not account for experience, intellect, and temperament. Neustadt does n excellent job of showing how all of these factors relate and combine to form a president and a presidential style. He shows how these factors influence presidential decision making as well as contribute to presidential inadequacies and pitfalls of administrations. Neustadt also discusses everything that he believes attributes to presidential power. In doing so, he is constantly referring back to the original three cases studied, commenting on them and introducing other relevant experiences. His topics range from the power to persuade, reputation, prestige, and personalities of men in office. In the course of this he reveals what he believes to be the most important traits of any president. He feels that presidents need not necessarily be a genius, but rather somewhat intelligent with outstanding temperament, which I take to mean personality, as well as the experience in government to understand the duties and effectively serve as president. Neustadt then examines subsequent presidents in situational terms. He begins with Kennedy and the final president he examines in Reagan. He examines Ford, Carter, and the one aspect of Reagan's presidency on transitional terms and speaks on the problems that presidential transitions can cause. He also uses the experiences of Kennedy with the Bay of Pigs as excellent background and primary information in this study. Neustadt concludes his examination of presidential leadership with what is without a doubt the best example of all of his main points wrapped together and effecting presidential decision making and leadership. Neustadt looks at the Iran Contra affair and the involvement of Reagan in the affair. The scandal and Reagan's involvement or lack thereof illustrates and gives life to all of Neustadt's assertions and arguments. It is almost as if the Iran Contra Affair is a case study in presidential leadership and power that illustrates and gives life to all of Neustadt's main points. It fits in with his arguments almost flawlessly. Overall, this book can almost be viewed almost as a how to book for the presidency. It is very comprehensive and would give any president or candidate for that matter direction in how to be an

Pros and Cons of Canadian Education System essays

Pros and Cons of Canadian Education System essays  ¡Ã‚ °The best gift I gave to my children was sending them to Canada to study, ¡ said a proprietor of a store I heard on the radio one year ago when I was in China.  ¡Ã‚ °Why? Because I deeply believe that Canadian education is better than China ¡Ã‚ ¯s. I don ¡Ã‚ ¯t say Chinese education isn ¡Ã‚ ¯t good, but it is a fact that Chinese education system has a long way to go to be as good as Canada ¡Ã‚ ¯s. ¡ Canada, with the United States, has a lot of strengths in the educational area. Studying at schools, students are allowed to be creative. Instructors guide students to quote challenging assumptions by using flexible ways for different kinds of students. Also instructors would like to give students enough places to do whatever they want. Then students may brain-storm and discuss about questions as well as alternative possibilities regarding the subjects they learn in class. Perhaps the educational system in the United States has contributed much to its political, economical and industrial success. And Canada is not far behind. Canadian schools, especially universities and colleges are free forms like an open market. They are not like the Asian schools that have the strict limits and regulations. In Asia, students only depend on their entrance examination marks to choose schools or majors. In Canadian schools, students ¡Ã‚ ¯ marks are conducted with behavior, quizzes, assignment, midterms, and finals. Also students in Canada have a more flexible curriculum to choose from. Based on the free forms of Canadian education, there is not as much pressure on students as in the Asian education system. Students in Canada allocate and organize their extracurricular time freely. That is a good chance for students to grow their self-confidence and independence. But in Asia, most things students do are strictly planned. Students follow the traditional rules to think and discuss questions without extended imagination...

Week6 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week6 - Article Example There is the possibility of reorganizing or refunding debts of the federal government. In order to take these steps, there needs to be evaluation and assessment of refunding or reorganization of debts. A good way that the federal government could reorganize or refund its debts obligation is whereby the city’s administrators highlight upon the debts with high interest rates (Seitz & Ellison, 2004). These types of debts can hamper the government’s ability to perform other financial duties or obligations. Therefore, refunding would imply that the government would add new debt to the existing debt kitty. In turn, the government would be forced to increase debt in order to facilitate payments of both interest and the existing debts (Lee & Joyce, 2008). If the government’s new debt can be increased at high interest rate, this would offer economic prosperity and other possible benefits may be realized in case the interest rates decrease such as transforming the conditio ns of the debt that may permit the local government of Seattle to revise their payment plan that may assist with short-term budget demands. Refunding debts to substitute a lower interest rate may poses some economic merits, if other transformations are made, like term, there is a probability that there will be a net rise in the debt costs over the debt’s term. Furthermore, another refunding or reorganization tactic is the reduction of the overall expenditures gained by the government. This would establish an additional financial base that should be diverted towards settling the city’s debts. In order for the federal government to decrease the high debts, it is vital that alternative funding options are created in order to support its debt obligation. The federal government may provide financial help in quarterly or annual terms. Another alternative is for the city to try to maximize revenues gathered (Shapiro, 2004). My budget has a defined goal that I have to

Is the current law on murder still acceptable Assignment

Is the current law on murder still acceptable - Assignment Example It is more than any rule that is practiced or any law but it’s a complete process of legal frame work. England inherited the law of Wales, therefore when talking about the English Legal System we refer to Wales’s as well. The English Legal system is based on the common law where the judges can carry on the law themselves and the decisions from the previous cases and be made as a part of law. (Gillespie, 2007) The legal system of England and Wales is based on the common law legal system used I Republic of England and in most common wealth countries. United Kingdom is the member of the European Union, England and Wales are constituent countries of the UK. The essence of common law is that it is the judges sitting in courts applying the Law of England. 1.1 CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF A DEFENDENT ACCUSED OF MURDER As explained by Catherine Elliot and Frances Quin in the first chapter (Elliot & Quin, 2012) there are various elements necessary to prove the criminal liability of a m urder. A criminal offence is only possible when both â€Å"Actus reus† and â€Å"Mens rea† are conducted at a time. ... As stated in the English law that a person is innocent until proven guilty. ACTUS REAUS + MENS REA = CRIMINAL OFFENCE (the above diagram shows the elements of criminal offence) In the case of Woolmington v DPP (1935) the defendant had taken a gun to threat his wife (the victim of the case), that he would commit suicide if she didn’t return to him, accidently the gun went off and he was convicted of murder. Hence, it is concluded from this case that although he did it by accident but the murderer had done a criminal offence, with a guilty mind. (Roe D, 2005) 1.2 ACTUS REUS To begin with the study of any case, firstly it is necessary to prove the criminal offence. As talked about it earlier a criminal offence is a compound of both intention and action to commit the crime. Actus reus is the first element of a criminal offence. Briefly and in simple words it means intent, the intention to commit offence. The term is a Latin word meaning ‘the guilty act’. The literal m eaning explains that it is important that a physical action or movement takes place. In the case of R  v Cunningham  (1982), the victim was attacked by the defendant wrongly assuming that victim has sexual relation with his fiance. The defendant repeatedly hit the victim in his head, causing fracture and severe injuries resulting in death in a week. Although the defendant claimed that law of murder should be held to those who intent to do kill but unfortunately the decision was given against the defendant. 1.2.1 IMPORTANCE The concept of Actus reus has been derived from English common law. The principal of this concept is the application of both the elements of criminal offence to call it a criminal act. Any act that is carried on with the intention to harm anyone becomes a criminal act. In the

Sir Richard Branson - Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sir Richard Branson - - Case Study Example Also, we will look at other attributes that if incorporated in his life, would zeal his future adventures, like space tourism. Leadership Styles The identification of a leader is an always lagging factor. Leadership is being proven by the future orientation of the leader. Here first of all we are going to focus on transactional leadership, authentic leadership, and transformational leadership. Then we will focus on the relationship between the leader and the members, and at last we will conclude this section by throwing some light on the global leadership. Transactional leadership is focused on the self-interest of the followers and thus motivates the followers to a particular goal. Here the leader is empowered with the formal authority to mould the followers. These leaders control, organize and plan for the short term. To run a successful transactional leadership style, it is highly required that all the process are well defined, and the goals and obstacles of the organization is cl early understood. This is good for the businesses which are well established. In such a structured environment, it is possible to push the followers to some defined goals. Though not very impressive like a hero, the transactional leaders are the foundation of any organization. ... Transformational leaders are a few steps ahead of an authentic leader. The words that describe them are visionary, inspiring, daring, and ethical. They can understand the future trends. They understand the possibilities with such changes. They can make their followers understand their visions and take the necessary step to mould the organizations. Thus transformational leadership creates synergy. These kinds of leaders are found in every level of the organizations. Even in the start ups, they are clearly visible. Thinking out of the box is a central theme for these people. These leaders do not waste time in blame game; rather focus on the core issues. They are a real inspiration to their followers. These are the people who are called charismatic leaders (Huang and Hsu, 2011, p. 870). Now let’s focus on the leader and follower relationship. It is important to know the interdependency and reciprocity between these two layers. The relationship between the leader and the followers grows with increasing transactions. From simple stranger phase, it grows into acquaintance phase and then transforms into mature partnership. Though the dynamics of leadership is well researched, the dynamics of followers is less understood as there is no such in depth research. There is a bias that leaders are the only movers and shakers. In reality, followers’ dynamics has also an effect on leadership style (Kean, 2011, p. 35). A real leader clearly understands the dynamics of the followers. With the globalization in process, there are numerous organizations that have presence across the globe. In leading such a global organization, the

Technical aspects of tourism

Technical aspects of tourism Executive summary: This report deals with the introduction and usage of ICT (Information and communication technology in the field of tourism. This report discusses all the technical aspects of the tourism industry and its impact on consumers. First it discusses various basic factors relate to the ICT and how it has been used by the customer and the tourism sector to interact with each other and also stress on various other benefits arising out of it. It discusses the topic of e-business in detail and explains how it has affected the consumers across the world. The topics like decision making by the tourist and various models by different analysts have also been taken into consideration to assess the topic in depth. Competitive advantage of E- commerce has been brought into light. To analyse the impact of ICT on the tourism industry, we have taken an example of a tourist agency called Thomas Cook. It one of the premier tourism agencies in the word, that has achieved a lot of success through effective implementing the ICT system in their firm. This report has analysed the strategies adopted by Thomas cook for their success in tourism sector. One of the major factors called mySAP consumer relations management has been discussed in detail. This paper also deals with the advantages of the benefits that a consumer has through e-commerce as well as the barriers of e-commerce. Introduction: Information and communication technology (ICT) is the Contemporary style of doing business in an effective manner. This process was being used since the early 1930s but in recent times i.e., the past 15 years this system is been followed extensively in various sectors. Major sectors like retail, banking, telecommunication, governments of various countries, Tourism, etc is using this system effectively. This concept covers vide rang of appliances like internet, wireless, Digital Cameras Wi-Fi, VIOP, GPS, Digital Radio, etc. Every sector is trying to implement this process through one way or the other to improve their business performance. It is been so extensively these days that an article in the Daily Telegraph IT supplement said that, many large organisations would not survive 24 hours without the help of ICT. This attitude change towards ICT was always expected and is of no wonder. This development was inevitable as this made the work easier and faster. This is the main reason why outsourcing of work began. The cost of production was reduced and so was the cost of goods. This technological development has eliminated the national boundaries and helped various businesses to go global, thus integrating markets as well as economies across the world. This rapid growth in the technology has lead to the concept of E-Business and E-Commerce. With e-business there are various advantages due to the presence of global audience, online transaction, etc. This is playing a major role in reshaping the tourism sector across the world. This concept of ICT has brought people much closer to the tourism service providers. Now, customers do most of their holiday or travel plans online. Many tourism companies are adopting this technology. The tourism sector being one of the traditional sectors it was not a smooth ride in taking up this technological advancement. Many small could not afford this kind of investment. They had to terminate a lot of workers as after this advancement there was minimal response to the traditional high street travel agencies. Although physical services are the core products of industry, it is dominated by information systems. (Shankar, 2008) ICT and tourism sector: Tourism is a fast growing and information intensive sector. In traditional tourism sector the customer has to all the way to the travel agency to get the information about the journey or trip. Now, it has become easy for the customers to just sit in their home and browse through various sites and compare different packages provided by different travel agencies. The ICT tools for organising, Marketing, Managing the customer is known. Advertising, promotions, managing sales, use of GIS and GPS to monitor and manage the customer can be considered as some of the ICT tool among many. There are various reasons as to why the tourism industry is adopting this approach: (According to Avison and Fitzgerald, 1995) To expand the industrial boundaries. Reduce expenses. Improve relations with the customers. To deter the new entrants in the market. With the ICT technology been used in various sectors like Airways, Railways, Tour operators, Hotels etc has made is essential for the tourism sector to adopt this system and later an advantage for the sector (Inkpen and Sheldon, 1997). Various kinds of business are using social media to do their business through networking sites and other ways: Web 2.0: It has gained immense popularity in the web world and its users. This is been extensively used by the tourism industry. It has brought a new face to the industry. It has a lot of technological web applications like social networking groups, blogs, podcasting, online video, etc. RSS: RSS (Really Simple Syndicate) is used by the tourism industry to communicate with its customers in person. This simple syndicate enable the customer to receive information on the relevant tourism topic of his choosing. Through this a customer receives the links of different or best travel deals. (Nelson, 2006) Blogging: A person creates a blog and updates it with all the information and text. Then the blogger encourages a discussion on his blog by posting comments. This system of blogging is been used by tourism firms, where they post some information and encourage discussion between customers and keep their customer attracted. Social networking: This is the most accessed or most popular mode of sharing information on internet. As the majority are youngsters this has flourished. The most known social networking sites are Facebook, Hi5, Orkut, Twitter, etc. A person has access to various communities and has a chance to be part of different groups and to enter into discussions online (Boyd and Ellison, 2007). One of the fastest growing travel web sites is WAYN. It helps people to exchange information on their travel experiences and to share their interests online. Online videos and podcasting: When it comes to this mode the most famous site that pops in our mind is YouTube. It is of great help in the tourism as a visual is provided so as to inform/communicate with the customer in an effective manner. A social networking provides called metaverses enable the customers to interact while doing business. Virtual websites are also coming into existence where we can create a personalised avatar and go for a virtual holiday on web. (Hay, 2008) Tagging: This process saves a lot of time for the customer as many travel agencies are tagging different item from different sites so that the customer doesnt have to search in multiple places. Like tourism website may tag the location of the place from Google maps, information taken from encyclopaedia and video from YouTube. (Oconnor et al, 2008) Tourist Decision Making: This is important factor on how a tourist thinks and what are the factors that determine or influence the decision making of the tourist? There were many models which tired to explain the consumer behaviour but failed as they were regarding the tangible goods and did not take into consideration the intangible factors or the feeling part of the customer. (Gilbert, 1991) All the models were criticised that they were just an extension of other models. Let us take into consideration Schmoll (1977) which is based on decision making process in tourism. Motivation, desires/needs, and expectations are said to influence the final destination. There are other factors also which influence the decision making that is, travel stimuli, external and internal variables. (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999) The process of decision making includes 5 points as proposed by Mathieson and Wall (1982). A desire to travel. The potential of the customer in obtaining information from the respective tourist agency, broachers, advertisements, etc. Other factor like cost of the trip, availability of alternative tours, facilities available in that region, etc. Accommodation type, travel mode and ultimately the final destination. Travel preparations like packing of clothing and equipment and the travel begins. Evaluation of past travel experiences and the result of this will obviously effect future tours. All these models have tried to analyse the behaviour of the tourist and the factors (tangible and intangible) that affect their decision making. Competitive Advantage of E-Business: There are a lot of competitive advantages that arise out of e-business and information technology. The customer can find out about the product, its various uses and compare with other products online sitting at home rather than going all the way to the store. Sometime lot of product comparison may go against the firm so they can adopt the method of product bundling. As various services can be added to the bundle and keep the customer away from individual product comparison. (Schiesel, 2001) Innovation and introduction of niche products which deals with the issues related to product substitutes and new entries into the market. (Sinha, 2000) Consumer centric strategy that is, gathering of information from the customer and developing the packages or products accordingly. (Viehland, 2000) Transfer of skills and sharing of activities and be exploited via extending to related product lines. (Porter, 1980) Price lining and smart pricing: Selling the same product at different price levels to reach people of different standard is price lining. In smart pricing, different price is charged at different market and also according to the value of the product in that region. (Sinha, 2000) Price discrimination must be done to save the profit margins, so that when the competition intensifies then they dont have to lower their prices. Dialogue based marketing must be done in order to explain the customer about the product as well as to obtain a feedback on the packages and upgrade accordingly. (Sealey, 2000) Establishing revenue sharing strategies with other web sites so as to provide customer with subsidiary requirements and fulfilling their needs to the maximum extent. For eg, dell computers is already doing this and has been successful in providing better services. (Hoffman and Novak, 2000) Completely automated delivery system so as to meet the customer desires. About Thomas Cook: It is a leading leisure travel group with 22.1 million customers. It operates around 21 countries across the word. It operates with 31,000 employees all over the world with a fleet 95 aircrafts and 3400 franchised office all over the world. (Thomas Cook Group). It has captured 30% of the UK, Ireland, India and Middle East market, with a fleet of 43 planes and a controlled distribution of 68.6%. Their strategy is to focus on their main business that is, the travel agency and to strengthen it. They also want to invest in travel related sectors and financial sectors through mergers, acquisitions and investing with partners. Ultimately their aim is to become the largest individual travel service provider in the world. They are also planning on becoming independent financial service provider in the world market. To attain this they are with the implementation of highest standard of corporate governance to have an effective decision making mechanism. (Thomas Cook Group Ltd.) Challenges for Tour Operators: All the major tourism companies after 1980 are focused on increasing their profit margins by vertical integration. Although this did not produce anticipated results as the tourism companies expected due to high costs of integration and less returns on their investment or expenditure. Due to rapid growth of travel eMediaries and commission erosion at that time had a negative impact on the travel industry. (Dombey, 2005) Due to this Crisis Thomas cook changed its strategy from an ideal integrated leisure travel group as this model was outdated. In 2006 CEO of Thomas cook announced a new business model where they will be offering optimum flexibility to the customer at the expense of low investment. (Karstadt Quell, 2006) With the vast usage of internet by the consumers and the presence of eMediaries in the market, Thomas Cook had to rethink its strategies. Although not completely abandoning of the traditional integrated vertical system, the advantages of the traditional system were integrated with that of the new dynamic and flexible system that is the system of ICT. This model was also known as hybrid model. (Chaffey, 2004) Changes in organisation as a whole: Thomas cook had to go through a lot changes on the organisational level as they have now opted for a new model of performing their business. The traditional system was more human with minimal technological involvement in the process of customer service. Now, the new model was highly sophisticated and technical so the whole organisation had to go through a change in terms of structure, work culture, workers mind set, technical changes etc. Structural changes: The traditional system followed a hierarchical structure where everything was strictly departmentalised. But as they went for e-business this kind of traditional structure was considered as barrier in performing e-business. So, they went for a system which was more like an informal networking (Shand 2000). For eg the number of directors was reduced to 8 from 40, to ensure that decisions were taken quickly in the organisation. Cultural changes: With adoption of internet and a highly technical based system it changes the whole organisation, how it thinks, how it does things and it completely effects the organisational. When a company is about to adopt e-business then it must take into consideration the two most important factors that is, the organisational culture and technical skills. The high level management was up for the rapid implementations of e-business techniques but the annual report was suggesting that it would take some time to completely adopt. It was found was part of the organisation was running fast and the rest of the organisation jus looked like they were trying to catch up. With e-business they were able to concentrate more on the consumer and their need therefore, by obtaining the loyalty and also deepening the relationship with the customers. (Siegel, 2000) Technical Changes: E-business required knowledge of skills at both the managerial as well as the operational level. Now in this scenario there will more knowledge based jobs available and there is a possibility that the manager could be less competent than his employee as he may be update with all the new technological skill. (Mahesh and Hartman, 2005) It was also observed that some of the junior managers were training or giving suggestions to their superiors. As a result 80% of the recruitments in the e-business section were made outside the organization as they didnt have the ability as they lacked technical knowledge. One of the biggest challenges to Thomas Cook was to make the technological changes that is, updating or installing new softwares, purchasing of high end computers, etc. Thomas Cook has announced a  £64 million replace it s legacy reservation systems to multi channel reservation platform. Thomas Cook and ICT: We have discussed on the information and communication system, its implications in tourism sector and the competitive advantages arising when then system is followed. Now, let us take an example of a tourism agency and analyse how the ICS has benefited them. Thomas Cook has started using the ICS from February 2000. It has made huge investments on the technical development of the firm. After they entered the online system their business was up by 15% and 30% of the customers were using the online services. It has invested a lot in e-business development and training and is now reaping the benefits of it. Thomas cook adopted the strategy of direct marketing which is nothing but an interactive use of the advertising media to stimulate and to modify in such a way that the behaviours can be recorded, tracked, understood, stored for the future use of the information. (Jacobs R. and Stone B., 2001) They first adopted the Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) which was then proposed by the IT project manager in the firm. This is a Formal Language that was used to describe patterns in interaction between concurrent systems. It was a failure because of the following reasons: CSP complicated the process for error search and made it very tedious. It delayed the process of generating the campaigns and market segment reports as, by 2004 its database was full and was unable to accommodate or manage further data/information. In travel world each customer has a different choice and the CSP database was not sophisticated enough to handle these issues as it was an outdated method. The cost of campaign was increased due to the use of CSP as it was outdated and did not serve the purpose of the dynamic future needs. As cost of maintenance was increasing and thus were unable to use the profits for various aspects of their business. They were now looking for a cost effective, and a system which could enable the smooth processing of the information, effective campaign, etc. Their answer to all these problems was one solution an thaw was mySAP CRM. This was a product of SAP global for customer relations management (CRM). What is mySAP CRM? This software unlike other CRM software helps in not only in formulating and achieving the short term imperatives but also in the process of decision making and in reducing the cost of managing or maintenance. It can also help a company in achieving differentiated capabilities to compete in the market. SAP CRM covers various aspect of the tourism industry and helps them in various ways like: (According to SAP Global) Marketing: It helps in achieving the organisational goals. Better understanding of market spending and the returns on them. Visibility and control of operations is increased which accelerates the process of marketing. High value customers can be identified and retained with the help of Customer loyalty programmes. A central marketing platform could be established. Sales: Profits can be increased. Customer interaction and be initiated and their demands could be met more efficiently. The focus on sales is increased Enterprise sales process can be initiated across channels. Personalised experience to the customers can be provided. Service: With the help of in spot information and other resources there shall be an improvement in first contact resolution. Service employees are provided with tools and the information that is requires to retain the customer and to prevent a churn. Easy access to resources and information boosts field utilization. Product based services are provided to the customer to increase the revenue. Issues related to product defects can be handled effectively. A unique and consistent user experience is possible with various interaction channels like voice mails, text messages, e-mails, etc. Contact Centre: The number of relevant calls can be increased. Personalised telemarketing campaigns can be initiated. Customer services can be improved from the first call itself. A proper analysis on contact centre is possible and insight is attained on the current trends. E-Commerce: Improving sales and to extend market with relevant offers. Personalised and targeted e-marketing campaign to attain the customer loyalty. Intuitive self services could be provided to increase customer convenience. The cost of sales can be reduced by following proper and consistent ways of pricing and customer information across channels. Reliable commitments are made using streamline end to end order to cash. Possibilities of analyzing the actions and trends of e-business. IT Services: IT service agents and track and solve the problems easily through streamline service desk. Management of IT financials by the use of native integration of SAP ERP financial solutions. Built in analytics and add on tools enable to get a insight into the IT service desk. Both the customer and the stakeholders are satisfied as there is a transparent process in defining and enforcing agreements on service levels. Web 2.0 supports native integration with SAP solution manager so all the SAP and non SAP related IT support services are managed appropriately. With all these advantages of mySAP CRM in providing effective services in the tourism industry has enabled Thomas cook to attain a superior level in the tourism sector then its counterparts in the same sector. The major competitive advantage that Thomas Cook attained from mySAP CRM are: To integrate campaign between various departments and partners this in turn helped in maintaining the brand consistency. The marketing department have streamlines and standardized the process for creating or approving a particular campaign. Complex segmentations and database operations have become faster with the use of high speed segmentation and also provide new insights into customer behaviour. Thomas Cook was able to provide campaign relevant data for the execution of a campaign due to highly flexible customer structure. It reduced the cost of reaching the targeted customer and now Thomas Cook and reaches more customers without any increase in spending. (Reiner Wegmann, IT Project Manager, Thomas cook, 2006) Thomas Cook was now independent and not relying on any other IT department for third party subscription. Interactive drag and drop phase and graphic visualisation has speeded up the process of market segmentation and listing. The process of decision making was faster due to personalised portals. This also enables the players to take wise and quick decisions as important information is already there in there portals. Thomas cook was able to make long term business propositions as well as to focus on the operational business objectives. (SAP customer success story retail, Thomas cook, 2006) Benefits of E-commerce to Customers: From the above analysis we can say that there are a lot of benefits to the customers: The web provides ample information about every destination and the facilities over there. Through e commerce the tourism agencies are able to provide all the information about the desired destination. The products or packages can be compared and the customer can take a decision accordingly. The customer can use the social networking and discuss the tour experiences or enquire about them or to know about them. It provides flexibility to the customer. The customer no longer has to go all way to the agency to gather information about his desired destiny. E-commerce provides various packages and concessions online which are not available otherwise. E-commerce has user friendly web sites that are designed for the targeted customers. Barriers of E-Commerce: We have discussed all the various factors that influenced the tourism industry to adopt ICT system and e-commerce played an important role. There also some barriers associated with e-commerce that has to be taken into consideration by the tourism industry and to work on them to get better results in the future. It cannot functions without the basic requirements like backup services and required hardware. These can be an expensive investment in the company at the time converting from a traditional system. The trust factor of the e-commerce must be given preference and both the government and the private sector should work together in increasing the safety of e-commerce. Confidentiality should be provided to the customers personal information, safety of credit card details must also be ensured. The existence of regulations and presence of international laws prevents e-commerce from being an effective source. Conclusion: From the above analysis we can conclude that, Information and communication system plays an important role in the development of the tourism industry. Social networking and various other options on web have taken the tourism industry to the next level. The web has provided a huge marketing source for the tourism sector in cost effective manner. (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996; Kozinets, 1999; Wang et al, 2002) It is also evident that the latest upgrade in information systems has clearly given Thomas Cook an edge over the other tourism agencies. Although it has gone through rapid changes in the organisational structure but it has effectively managed its resources and is able provide one of the best services in the world to desired tourists. In the process of adopting new skills and systems, the mindsets and cultures have to develop and resistance at any level of the organisation need to be handled with lot of care. (Jackson and Harris, 2003) Thomas Cook has effectively used mySAP Consume Relation management system to provide quality services to the customer and at the same time limiting their expenditures on publicity or promotion of the product. The process of innovation and implementing new methods in work place has paid off for Thomas Cook. It was a bold step to adopt the ICT system into a traditional tourist sector. Thus, we can conclude by saying that ICT has played an important role in the development of the tourism industry and enable the customers to enjoy better services that they deserve. Although there is this trust issue regarding e-commerce and its uses but more people are using this facility every day. References: Arusha, T. (2000, february). Information Communication Technologies (ICT) and Tourism. Retrieved may 23, 2010, from www.nric.net: http://www.nric.net/tourism/sidebar/ICT.pdf Boyd, D. M. (2007). Journal of computer mediated communications , 210-230. Fitzgerald, A. . (n.d.). INtroduction to information systems in business. Retrieved may 23, 2010, from www.comp.glam.ac.uk: http://www.comp.glam.ac.uk/pages/staff/tdhutchings/chapter1.html Global, S. (n.d.). Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Software From SAP. Retrieved may 24, 2010, from www.sap.com: http://www.sap.com/solutions/business-suite/crm/index.epx Group, T. C. (n.d.). www.thomascookgroup.com. Retrieved may 23, 2010, from Business segments and brands: http://www.thomascookgroup.com/segments Jackson, P. (n.d.). Ebusiness and organisational change. Journal of organisational change management , 497-511. Juline E.Mills, R. L. (2005). Handbook of Consumer Behavior, Tourism and the Internet. Haworth press. Kozinets. (1999). Staregic implications of virtual comunities of consumption. European mamagement , 252-264. netstarter. (n.d.). e commerce barriers and opportunities. Retrieved may 22, 2010, from www.netstarter.com: http://www.netstarter.com.au/Content_Common/pg-ecommerce-Benefits-Barriers.seo Roberto daniele, A. j. (n.d.). Tour operator in an ebusiness world. Retrieved may 23, 2010, from www.googlebooks.com: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9f5_kvYrZoCpg=PA207lpg=PA207dq=thomas+cook+information+and+communication+technologysource=blots=KkiM3J5HGosig=iL2qLClFWLyN8wzC6Dgx3PXScUchl=enei=1vykS5jQFIS80gTFitT1CQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=9ved= SAP customer success story, Reatil-tourism marketing. (n.d.). Retrieved may 22, 2010, from www.sap.com: http://www.sap.com/solutions/business-suite/crm/pdf/CS_ThomasCook%20.pdf Seveg, M. B. (1997). The Impact of Electronic Commerce on the Travel Industry. California. Shanker, D. (n.d.). ICT and Tourism: Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved may 24, 2010, from www.dspace.iimk.ac.in: http://dspace.iimk.ac.in/bitstream/2259/536/1/50-58.pdf Shin, N. (n.d.). STRATEGIES FOR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE. Retrieved may 22, 2010, from www.csulb.edu: http://www.csulb.edu/web/journals/jecr/issues/20014/paper4.pdf Sigala, m. (n.d.). Tour operators in an e business world. Retrieved may 23, 2010, from www.books.google.com: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s9f5_kvYrZoCpg=PA207lpg=PA207dq=thomas+cook+information+and+communication+technologysource=blots=KkiM3J5HGosig=iL2qLClFWLyN8wzC6Dgx3PXScUchl=enei=1vykS5jQFIS80gTFitT1CQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=9ved= Thomas, D. (2002, june 27). Holidaymakers take plunge into Internet booking pool. Retrieved may 22, 2010, from www.computerweekly.com: http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2002/06/27/188052/holidaymakers-take-plunge-into-internet-booking-pool.htm

Define Feminism Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Define Feminism "A woman should be barefoot, pregnant and chained to a stove," stated Ben Glantz, a high school senior. Drew Pershing, another senior, also shared a joke, "What does a woman do after she leaves a battered shelter? The dishes...if she knows what's good for her!" Daily jokes and comments such as these, no matter how harmless, are detrimental to the status of women and a dangerous undermining of their accomplishments. Shared by both genders, sexually discriminative comments are widely accepted in society as normal and harmless. "I didn't mean anything by that; I was just kidding," whimpered Ben Glantz after receiving several cold stares from young women who overheard his bashing, sexist comment. Women have become more aware of their current respected, "take serious" status within the past twenty years. Some are satisfied with where women stand in relation to society, while others say the road to equality has not yet been finished. When people were asked to fill out a questionnaire on feminism, young women were eager to participate while most of the young men took a little coaxing. Ignorance in both sexes contributes to the problem of misinterpretation of feminism and the "woman's place" in society. When twenty-four students, parents and teachers were asked what feminism was, answers ranged form a fight, a stand, a belief, a want, a definition, and a movement for women empowerment, equality and human rights. The definition of feminism found in The American Heritage Dictionary states feminism is "a doctrine that advocates or demands for women the same rights granted men, as in political and economic status." "Since this definition will vary from being militantly pro-female to simple ... ...isters. TV Guide, 45, 18-23. McDonnell, Evelyn. (1993, August 7). Women rockers create their own alternatives. Billboard. 105, 1-2. Palmer, Laura. (1997, November 27). Lee vows to fight for her vindication. The Gazette, pp. E1, E3. Pollitt, Katha. (1997, November). Feminism's unfinished business. The Atlantic Monthly, 160-164. Thigpen, D.E., & McLaughlin, L. (1997, July 21). Galapalooza!: Lilith Fair -- a traveling festival featuring female folk-pop stars -- is rocking the music world. TIME, 60- 64. Tumulty, Karen (1997, October 20). Turning fifty. TIME, 32-42. Wells, Diana (Ed.). (1994) Getting there: The movement toward gender equality. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers/Richard Gallen. Wolf, Naomi. (1993). Fire with fire: The new female power and how it will change the 21st century. Canada: Random House Publishing, Inc.

Me, Myself and I Essay

My Family, I admit I had a big family. My family is not perfect like others. Well, I just say that we are living well. Ate at least 3x a day, wear a normal dresses bond with them at least once a month. However, sometimes we did not expect some circumstances and trials that came into our lives. Although we are not complete, we did not lose hope instead, we kept holding each other’s hand, always pray unto God to support and never let go of us, and give us enough strength to face it. That is all I can tell about my family. I do not want to talk about some stuffs regarding about my family because it is kindda controversial. Ok I’ll get to introduce myself first. HAHA†¼ I am Kaye Osorio Bautista, 15 years of age. Likes? Well am not that kind of brat person if they do like me, I like them too. If they do not like me, I guess I do not like them too. That is my attitude always depends on person on how you are going to treat me. I had many of friends. Real friends I guess? Maybe because am just being so true for them. In my everyday’s lives I can’t control myself being prank with them †¦ even though am that kind of person, they still love me so I loved them back. My friends call me any kind of endearment they want or just my name. Humble, kind, silly, youthful, adorable, naughty, talkative, joyful, sometimes sweet, lovable, and bossy HAHA†¼ That’s all I can say about me and I’m very proud of being me. My future Plans. After being licensed Police of course, I used to get my stable work. Earn moneys, help my family and also I’m planning to take a short-term course which is Culinary Arts, because for me eating sweets are my stress relievers and I want to know about more pasturing . Example of essay about myself.

The Oxford Comma Explained

The Oxford Comma Explained Theres not a subject more divisive to grammarians, writers, and editors than the usage of the Oxford (or serial) comma. The Oxford comma is the last comma used in a list of three or more items and is stylistic in its usage, which essentially means that you use it depending on what kind of writing youre doing. Proponents of the Oxford comma say that this last comma provides clarity and helps the reader. However, those anti-Oxford comma writers out there say that this last comma clutters up the page and that the use of it may even contribute to more confusion.So, how do you know if you should use it in your writing? Why should you use it (or why should you not)? Here is a guide to all things Oxford comma to help you determine which side of the argument you fall on.What is the Oxford comma?The Oxford Dictionarys website defines the Oxford comma as, an optional comma before the word and at the end of a list†¦ its known as the Oxford comma because it was traditionally used by printer s, readers, and editors at Oxford University Press. Not all writers and publishers use it, but it can clarify the meaning of a sentence when the items in a list are not single words.The history of the Oxford comma is a bit murky, but according to an article on Business Insider, the first person to write down this powerful little punctuation mark as rule was a man named Frederick Howard Collins who was a British indexer and writer. He featured commentary on the serial comma in his 1912 book published by Oxford University Press entitled, Authors Printers Dictionary: A Guide for Authors.In his reasoning for using the serial comma, Collins wrote:The late Herbert Spencer [the Victorian philosopher and scientist] allowed me to quote from his letter:- whether to write black, white, and green, with the comma after white, or to leave out the comma and write black, white and green- I very positively decide in favour of the first. To me the comma is of value as marking out the component eleme nts of a thought, and where any set of components of a thought are of equal value, they should be punctuated in printing and in speech equally. Evidently therefore in this case, inasmuch as when enumerating these colours black, white, and green, the white is just as much to be emphasized as the other two, it needs the pause after it just as much as the black does.Frederick Howard CollinsSo essentially what Collins was saying (through Spencer) is that just because something is last in a list doesnt mean that it shouldnt get the same pause and treatment as the first two or more items in a list. For the last century, Oxford University Press and other institutions of style and grammar have insisted on the usage of this last comma.When should you use the Oxford comma?Now that we know a little bit about the history of the Oxford comma and that its used to clarify sentences with two or more items in a list, how do we know when to use it in our writing? Because it is stylistic in its usage- meaning that its just the preferred style of the way a sentence looks and not a rule per se- you arent always going to be using the serial comma.Here is a list of some of the most common style guides you will be using while writing, and whether or not they use the Oxford comma:Associated Press Style (AP) does not use the Oxford comma.American Psychological Association Style (APA) does use the Oxford comma.Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) does use the Oxford comma.The Modern Languages Association (MLA) does use the Oxford comma.The Oxford University Press (OUP) does use the Oxford comma.You may have noticed that the only common style guide we have listed here that does not use the Oxford comma is the Associated Press (or AP) style guide. This guide is the stylebook for journalists, public relations, and advertising professionals. There are several reasons why AP does not use the Oxford comma, but its mostly not used as a way to use space efficiently within their paragraphs.So now that we know when we are supposed to use it, lets look at some examples to show us how its done. Here are some sentences that could be clarified using the Oxford comma:Example 1I love my parents, Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.Why this should be corrected:Though it would certainly be cool to have Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande as parents, its unlikely that this is what the writer of this sentence intended. Its very easy to pick out that this sentence is incorrect because we know for sure that Ariana Grande and Russell Westbrook dont have a child together, but in other sentences it might not be so easy. Putting the last comma in will clarify that the author actually meant that they liked all of those people separately.Example 2Jamie sat on the plane next to Will Ferrell, the famous comedian, former SNL star and a large German shepherd.Why this should be corrected:Clearly Will Ferrell isnt a famous comedian and also a large German shepherd at the same time. This sentence could ea sily be clarified with a serial comma, which would separate the words and let us know that Will Ferrell is indeed a human and not a dog. Opponents of the Oxford comma would likely say that the sentence doesnt need to add a comma but instead needs to be revised to indicate that Jamie is sitting next to both Will Ferrell and a dog.Example 3I will be enjoying cereal, eggs and coffee this morning for breakfast.Why this should be corrected:This breakfast is starting to sound appetizing until you get to the word and. Is the author putting eggs in her coffee? Is she pouring coffee over her eggs? In either case, we have to decline the invitation to brunch at her house. In all seriousness, adding that one little comma at the end clarifies that the writer intended to say she is having coffee alongside of her eggs and not on top of them.Arguments against using the Oxford commaFor every devotee to the Oxford comma, there is another person who is staunchly against its usage. Why wouldnt someone want to use this tool of language if it makes things easier to understand? An anti-Oxford comma person would argue that it could sometimes lead to more ambiguity in a sentence.Another anti-Oxford comma argument is that commas can litter up a page. Many writers and editors want the most important things to shine through in the text: the words. They argue that spilling commas and dashes and other punctuation marks throughout the text can distract the reader from what is most important and detract from the main idea.Lastly, anti-Oxford comma arguers say that most ambiguity in sentences with lists can be fixed by simply rewriting them. They argue that the sentences need to be restructured instead of merely adding some punctuation and then claiming that its no longer ambiguous.So now that we know some arguments on why we may not want to use it, here are some examples to show us what that might look like. Heres how to fix sentences without the Oxford comma:Example 1I love my parents, Russ ell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.How this could be corrected without the Oxford comma:I love my parents, but I also love Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.Instead of adding the last comma, we have added in words that can specifically tell us that Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande are not the authors parents. We could even take it a step further and query the author to ask why these two thoughts would be connected in the first place. We could also ask her if they could feasibly be separated because they seem to be two completely different thoughts.Example 2Jamie sat on the plane next to Will Ferrell, the famous comedian, former SNL star and a large German shepherd.How this could be corrected without the Oxford comma:Jamie sat on the plane next to Will Ferrell, the famous comedian and former SNL star, as well as a large German shepherd.We have corrected the ambiguity of whether or not Will Ferrell was a dog comedian (or a comedian who had possibly turned into a dog) by adding in a few words. Now we know that the author was sitting next to Will Ferrell and a large German shepherd on the plane. We could also take this one step further by asking the author for more detail here. Was this Will Ferrells dog or did the author just get really lucky to sit by both on her plane ride? Was the dog just allowed to sit without being on a leash? If we simply fixed it with a comma then we still might not have all the information that we need.Example 3I will be enjoying cereal, eggs and coffee this morning for breakfast.How this could be corrected without the Oxford comma:For breakfast this morning, I will be enjoying cereal and eggs while drinking coffee.In this sentence we completely rearranged the order of the clauses so that it was less ambiguous what the author was doing. Theres no question now if she is putting eggs in her coffee or pouring coffee in her eggs because we know now that she is drinking coffee while eating those breakfast items.Do I have to use the Oxford c omma if Im not using a style guide?If you are not using a style guide and are writing something for personal usage, then its not necessary to use the Oxford comma. The main thing about punctuation is that no matter how you use it, just be consistent. For example, if you are writing something that does not have to adhere to a style guide, you can choose to spell out numerals over 10 if it makes sense for the audience- but just be consistent with your rules. The reason why we have style guides is to maintain a sense of consistency throughout documents so that its easier for the audience to read. If you are writing something besides a research paper or a piece of news, then just be sure to apply good writing style consistently and ask an editor if you are questioning something.Pay attention to your style guideThough you may have your personal opinions about the Oxford comma, its important to set those aside when you are working with a specific style guide that dictates whether or not i ts used. Its also crucial to make sure that youre not just following a style guide blindly and that you are making good writing decisions with every sentence. Confused on whether or not the Oxford comma is making your sentences unclear? Ask a teacher or an editor who can help you sort it out and make your writing clear.

How to Write Papers for Graduate School

How to Write Papers for Graduate School Graduate study is all about writing, as the thesis or dissertation is the ticket to graduation. However, lots of writing occurs well before the thesis and dissertation are begun. Most graduate courses require students to write term papers. Many beginning graduate students are accustomed to writing papers and approach them in ways similar to undergraduate papers. As students advance and near the end of their coursework, they often look ahead towards the next task (such as preparing for comprehensive exams) and may begin to resent writing papers, feeling that they have already proven themselves as competent students. Both of these approaches are misguided. Papers are your opportunity to advance your own scholarly work and receive guidance to enhance your competence. Take Advantage of Term Papers How do you take advantage of papers? Be thoughtful. Choose your topic carefully. Each paper you write should do double duty - complete a course requirement and further your own development. Your paper topic should meet the course requirements, but it should also relate to your own scholarly interests. Review an area of literature related to your interests. Or you might examine a topic that you are interested in but unsure whether it is complex enough to study for your dissertation. Writing a term paper about the topic will help you determine if the topic is broad and deep enough to fulfill a large project and will also help you determine if it will sustain your interest. Term papers offer a place for you to test ideas but also to make progress on your current research interests. Double Duty Each assignment you write should do double duty: help you advance your own scholarly agenda and get feedback from a faculty member. Papers are opportunities to get feedback about your ideas and writing style. Faculty can help you improve your writing and help you learn how to think like a scholar. Take advantage of this opportunity and dont simply seek to finish. That said, take care in how you plan and construct your papers. Attend to ethical guidelines of writing. Writing the same paper over and over or submitting the same paper for more than one assignment is unethical and will get you into a great deal of trouble. Instead, the ethical approach is to use each paper as an opportunity to fill in a gap in your knowledge. Consider a student in developmental psychology who is interested in adolescents who engage in risky behaviors such as drinking and drug use. While enrolled in a course in neuroscience, the student might examine how brain development influences risky behavior. In a course on cognitive development, the student might examine the role of cognition in risky behavior. A personality course might push the student to look at personality characteristics that influence risk behavior. In this way, the student advances his or her scholarly knowledge while completing course requirements. The student, therefore, should be examining multiple aspects of his or her general research topic. Will this work for you? At least some of the time. It will be better in some courses than others, but, regardless, it is worth a try.

Maggie and Dee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maggie and Dee - Essay Example Her dress, in striking shades of yellow and orange and her confident glide of a walk reflect her personality and, along with the gold earrings and bracelets, call out loudly for attention. Her hair, with its’ deliberately accentuated African style, is a defiant statement of identity. Maggie, with her burnt and scarred limbs and thin body is a poor contrast to her attractive sister. She is dressed in a nondescript pink skirt and red blouse. She does not walk, but shuffles, â€Å"chin on chest, eyes on ground.† She has a â€Å"dopey, hang dog look,† which is further accentuated by her use of checkerberry snuff. The sisters’ physical appearances are almost caricatures of their personalities. Dee’s personality exhibits an aggressive confidence and an assertive, individual style. She can â€Å"look anyone in the eye† and not back down. She is resolute, well-spoken and spirited. She adamantly faces life on her own terms. Even her style of reading is pitiless and more of an imposition than a narration. She is as â€Å"sweet as a bird† when she customarily gets her own way. When thwarted, her anger and hatred show through. It is revealing that she has a caustic humor, â€Å"that erupted like bubbles in lye,† and many admirers, but no friends. On the other hand, Maggie’s personality reflects her rather fatalistic acceptance of her inferior standing. Her scars, of which she is ashamed, have further undermined her confidence. She is shy, â€Å"stands hopelessly in corners,† hides behind doors and is nervous of strangers, backing away sweating and trembling in alarm from ‘Asalamalakim.’ When Maggie reads, she â€Å"stumbles along good naturedly†: the sister’s respective reading styles reflect their personalities. Dee’s attitude towards her identity as a black woman is to flaunt it as a badge of defiance to the world. She takes pictures of the house and her family, as if they were curiosities. For all the ostentatious

Girls Primary Schools in United Kingdom Coursework

Girls Primary Schools in United Kingdom - Coursework Example This does not promote feminism or any related activities thereof but uses their works to relay situational analysis. This serves to focus change mainly in the designation of school curriculum basing on gender abilities, skills and intellect at still a very young formative age which is mostly subject to resigned domestic and weak place in society. This dissertation is an amalgamation of the work carried out over centuries by precursors of the feminist movement which abolished the sign of male dominated tactics where imparting equal education in qualitative and quantitative terms was concerned. This topic is a challenging one as it focuses on a specific area in gender philosophy. The parameters to be studied are now deeply rooted in the history of our educational system and thus hold a large amount of interest and fascination for a student of feminist issues. Further, the time period being studied is of utmost importance where revolutionary trends in feminist approaches are concerned. In this regard, the work of feminists was the foundation stone for modern day theories in a very subtle manner. Every change happens through education and the study of changing trends in education to show the elements of emerging feminist trends of the period is a challenging and fascinating subject. The dissertation progresses on the general hypotheses of social criticism and the trends that emerged thereof, in context of feminist and gender philosophy conceptions. In this way, the underlying model is a realistic one, unlike the predictable idealistic one due to the fact that Wollstonecraft's work demonstrates the fact that she had great foresight. This dissertation will basically focus on the Education Acts of 1870, 1902, 1944 and 1968. In this regard, the dissertation will analyze the various trends that were followed when these acts were formulated in context of pressures like the importance of women's education as well as the situation of young women. Further, the curriculum and activities revolving around primary education will be discussed in context of the three Rs - religion, reading and writing. The issues and questions are ones pertaining to the general climate for change and whether or not it facilitated the trends that emerged in the area of a change in curriculum for the primary education of girls in UK during that period. The work will also pose the question of how these kinds of changes in education tend to influence the general outlook of society over the years. In this way the acts will be analyzed to find evidence surrounding whether or not they were successful and the criticisms that demonstrate their failures and flaws. These acts in general brought about a climate for change and the emergence of a new feminist perspective. Also, it helped change the curriculum and include more women oriented studies that did not necessarily revolve around

The role of lay Catholics in the Church according to the teaching of Assignment

The role of lay Catholics in the Church according to the teaching of the Second Vatican Council - Assignment Example Recent measures and initiatives within the Catholic church, particularly those designed in reenergizing Catholicism as a religion amidst modernity and secularization, were those concerning the increase in engagement and involvement of its lay members. This has been the fundamental issue addressed by the Second Vatican Council that took place from 1959 to 1965. The Council was able to draft and issue several documents, which would supposedly turn the tide for Catholicism during this contemporary age. These documents introduced and emphasized the concept of the â€Å"people of God† when its predecessor stressed on the role of the Pope. This move by Church authorities is increasingly seen as an attempt for the organization to be continuously significant amidst several developments that undermine Catholicism across the globe. This paper will specifically examine the role of the laity or the Lumen Gentium as outlined by the Second Vatican Council and how it is expected to develop l ater on. Background It is important to underscore that in the early days of Christianity, the laity has played an important role in the affairs of the church. According to Walsh (2005), the laity was not only consulted on important matters, because they also take part in electing bishops and in choosing priests. (p66) This role was eventually scrapped as the laity came to be merely defined as those that are subjected under the Catholic organization’s authority and representatives of the religion in secular affairs such as in business, politics and so forth. As the Catholic organization became more structured and the system more sophisticated governance and policymaking, and most of the organizational activities, policies and measures were administered by the clergy. By the time the First Vatican Council issued its codes and rules, the â€Å"Catholic action† referred to as the role to be played by the lay people were strictly confined to participation in Church-led init iatives. For instance, Pope Pius X declared that â€Å"the one duty of the multitude is to allow themselves to be led, and like a docile flock, to follow the Pastors.† (Pope 2004, p6) What this means is that while the laity is expected to be proactive, their actions must only be in support of the ordained and that they do not have clear and specific missions of their own, say, in evangelization. With the onset of the modern age, however, the clergy again began to turn to the laity as the Church is forced to deal with dwindling membership and enthusiasm from among its ranks. It addition, it has been struggling with finding its own identity and significance in a period of drastic changes across the world. The premise of the current Catholic attitude is that the Church must be viewed as â€Å"a community of faith where all the baptized bear responsibility for placing their individual gifts at the service of all.† (Gubish, Jenny and McGannon 2001, pii) The pattern of the n ew strategy reflects an attempt at a deeper and more potent evangelization by having the laity live out their lives according to the values and teachings of the Catholic Church. In recent years lay people have taken on great many administrative roles, and although Church law forbids them to have ‘jurisdiction’, such as a role in administration, they are involved in decision-making from parish level upwards which is often pretty indistinguishable from governance. (Walsh, p66) Laity in the Second Vatican Council According to the Second Vatican Council, the role of the laity is extremely important, explaining that: Inserted as they are in the Mystical Body of Christ by baptism and strengthened by the power of the Holy Spirit in confirmation, it is by the Lord himself that they are assigned to the apostolate†¦ The apostolate is lived in faith, hope and charity poured out by the Holy Spirit into the hearts of all members of the Church. (Dajczer 2000, p65) The

Why Psychologist use the scientific method Essay Example for Free

Why Psychologist use the scientific method Essay The scientific method makes use of a wide range of approaches and is a perspective that is seen better as an overall rather than use of single specific method. The already adopted scientific method initially was founded on the positivism concept. This included the search for descriptive general laws, which natural phenomena could be predicted with. Scientists were able to control the phenomena occurrences once there was possibility of the predictions. Subsequently, the underlying theories and explanations were developed by the scientists. Despite the change that has occurred on the positivist approach, the redefinition of the philosophical science is underway. The basement premises on which it was founded still continue to be on the current research mainstream. One of the major scientific approach requisite is the falsifiability. A theory is termed as been scientific if in its contents are predictions, which can either be falsely or truly demonstrated. Critically, scientific method has been argued to depend on empiricism, that is, data and observation collection (Mayer, 1985, pp. 42) Hypothetical inductive method is commonly involved in the main scientific method. In this, a scientist will begin with a based hypothesis on theory or insight and observation. A hypothesis is said to be statement of tentative belief that is based on judgment of expert researcher. The hypothesis should be subjected to falsification. This is to mean that the scientific researcher must be set up in a way such that the he/she has the ability to make logical conclusion that the hypothesis is either true or false. In many cases, projects of research may give the scientist a room to reject or accept the hypothesis and this will take one for more questions on research (Barker, 2000, pp. 82). Psychologist on their case have developed the interest and employed scientific method in all their researches. They have actually made the use of various scientific steps or approaches. The steps that psychologist use in their research are: identification of the problem and the hypothesis formulation, designing of the experiment under the help of the independent and dependent variables, experimental performance by use of the control group and the experimental group, hypothesis evaluation, that is, replication of data and hypothesis correction, and lastly is the communication of the results. If a researcher effectively follows the above steps, his or her experimental results will be reliable and valid. Some details in relation to the above stated steps are discussed below. In the process of identifying the problem, the psychologist must be having a good idea of the identified problem. He must also be in a position to make intelligent guesses concerning the problem, that is, come up with hypothesis. The problem at hand should imply a theory under which it can be based on the manner that the resulting solution to the problem can rhyme with the existing theories (Nagel Mill, 1996, pp. 2). Some of the scientific methods employed by psychologists include the following. Firstly, are the controlled experiments in performance of the experiments. In this method, it allows the researcher to establish the relationship between the cause and the effects. The experimenter in this method must manipulate one of the variables as the other variable is measured. The variable that is manipulated in this method is known as the independent variable, while the variable being measured is the dependent variable. The extraneous variable helps in manipulation by minimizing it as opposed to other kind of factors. For the true experiment, there is usually the experimental group and the control group. The experimental groups get the treatment that is designed for the study while the control group to the experimental group is identically treated with exceptional treatment of the experiment. By random assignment subjects are therefore assigned to each experimental group. The second method is the correlation method. This one exposes the relations that are predictable among given variables which are not within the experimenter’s control. The direction and the strength of the two variable relationship is referred to as correlation coefficients. In this method, it is important to note the correlation does not imply causation. Thirdly are the case studies. This method looks deeply on to a single individual study. Fourthly is the archival approach. They usually make the use records of novel, existing information and documents. Additionally, it may involve the use naturalistic observation. Under this method near natural or natural conditions are used to explore the population (Mayer, 1985, pp. 47). Elsewhere, the experimental process may involve the case histories method. This method describes the unusual conditions or person under study. The last method is the use of questionnaires and surveys about attitudes and opinions. Under survey, the attitude and opinions are based on response of the person on predetermined specific questions. Adequate and carefully determined sample on which the questions are based must be used (Peterson Tremblay, 1999, pp. 23). Due to the fact that scientific method works with the research approach rather than the research content, disciplines are not termed as scientific due to their content but because of their observation and data dependency, ideas of their falsifiability and the testing of the hypothesis. Therefore, scientific research legally involves the study of the intelligence, attitudes and other human behaviors which are complex. Despite the fact that the tools psychologists uses to measure the behavior of human may not give similar degree of precision like the one given by other sciences, it may not be precise to establish the scientific discipline status but rather the mechanism by which ideas will be tested and generated (Wolfe, 1992, pp. 206). When a researcher repeats the work that was done by another researcher, this may lead the research to be replicated, that is, the researchers must get the same results of a similar research done by the other researchers. This is a quality of scientific research that must exist. In reporting on their findings of the research, psychologist tries to give explanations and descriptions concerning how their discoveries have been made. On a similar note, other psychological researchers who carry out the same study must replicate on the previous results got by the other psychological researcher. After a research is done and replication is observed, psychologists will come up with a theory and translate it into hypothesis that is precise (Peterson Tremblay, 1999, pp. 9). When conducting a research, psychologists usually use operational definitions to assists in definition of concepts which are of interest. The term sampling is often used to describe the process of coming up with few number of the subjects of study out of the big population. The sampling procedures are used because it is not possible or practicable in the whole population to study all the subjects. There are different kinds of the samples that psychologists might use in relation to the kind of the study they are carrying out. These include: representative sample, convenience sample, random sample, and cross culture sample. The cross culture sample is used to have the external validity improved. One major drawback in the use of sampling method by the psychologist is that it tends to be biased at times. The psychologist researcher may lead to what we call experimenter bias when making the use of sampling procedures. The experimenter bias will result in the case where the researcher distorts the results or the procedures of experiment in study in which relation to the outcomes are known. Blinding procedures conceals the experimental hypothesis when used from the subject and this in most cases is referred to as single blind, while from the experiment and the subject are referred to as double blind (Wolfe, 1992, pp. 187). In their data analysis, psychologist normally uses the following measures to analyze their data. Firstly, the descriptive statistics are the mathematical summaries of the research results. Under descriptive statistics, measures of the central tendencies for a normal distribution are employed. These measures include the mean, median and the mode. Secondly are the measures of variation. This one determines the variation of the scores around the measures of the central tendencies. The measures of variations include the standard deviation and the range. Thirdly is the inferential statistics. This comes up with a statement about a set of given scores (Porterfield, 1999, pp. 82). The use of scientific method by the psychologists has been of great help to the world of business today. The application of research methodology to the world of commerce, business and organisations functions, organisational and industrial psychology looks on various degrees of the customers, workforce, and consumer. This will involve issues such as psychology of training, recruitment, job satisfaction, appraisal, stress management at work. All these factors assist in improving the performance and productivity of the business or the organisation. Psychological skills are employed to select the best qualified candidate during the interview process. This is of great help to the business since the selected candidate will effectively and efficiently deliver the organisational goals and objectives since he or she has the necessary and the required ability. For the new recruited staffs, they must undergo some training in relation to the expected duties and responsibility they have to accomplish in the organisation. They must be prepared psychologically how they should approach some of the duties and responsibilities at workplace and also how they can use such skills to meet the customers’ satisfaction. Psychological skills are also of benefit to any organisation in its application to manage stress that may have affected one of the staff members. In any organisation, stress is an expected situation and if not well handled may mess up the business activities, leading to poor performance. For this reason, organisations have gone ahead and employed psychologists who can effectively handle the matter. Psychologists have also worked on interaction with machines, product designs, software, sales, marketing, and advertisements so as to help in safety, functionality and appeal of the organisation. During the training of the staffs of an organization especially in the department of the sales and the marketing, this really require good impacting of the psychological skills to the staff in this department. For one to convince consumers to consume products of a given organisation, high level of psychological skills is required. It is in the same department or field where to understand the consumer needs psychological skills which have resulted to the employment of scientific method of research in collecting adequate data about the market and functional parameters of the organisation. By the use of such skills, one will be able to know which product needs to be improved or which has lost it market value. Doing all these help to expand and maintain the market share of the organisation (Wolfe, 1992, pp. 204).